Due to their unique optical properties and potential applications in various fields like bioimaging, sensing, and solar energy conversion, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have garnered considerable attention. However, the increasing use of UCNPs raises concerns regarding their potential harm. This article provides a comprehensive review of the c

Lead selenide semiconductor dots (QDs) exhibit exceptional optoelectronic attributes making them attractive for a range of applications. Their unique optical absorption arises from quantum confinement effects, where the size of the QDs significantly influences their electronic structure and light behavior. The preparation of PbSe QDs typically inv

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess exceptional mechanical durability and electrical conductivity, making them ideal for a wide array of cutting-edge applications. These tiny cylindrical structures exhibit remarkable tensile properties, exceeding that of steel by orders of magnitude. Moreover, CNTs demonstrate excellent thermal conductivity, enabling e

The photonic properties of graphene suspensions are heavily influenced by their dispersion relations. These relations describe the relationship between the energy and momentum of collective excitations in the system. By manipulating various parameters such as particle concentration, solvent viscosity, and surface functionalization, one can tune the